RD-E: 3900 Biomedical Valve

A Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) problem is studied. The Radioss ALE/CFD solver is used to resolve the problem.

This example aims at demonstrating how to perform an FSI run using Radioss on a relatively simple case. The maximum deflection of a flap in an interaction with a transient fluid is computed once the stationary state is reached.

In this example, the two following points are emphasized:

How to set up an FSI case study
Fast description of the various options used in an ALE/CFD run (refer to the Radioss Theory Manual for more information)

Options and Keywords Used

FSI, CFD, and Fluid
INLET and OUTLET
Turbulent Fluid
/MAT/LAW11 (BOUND)
/ALE/MAT
/ALE/BCS
/PROP/TYPE14 (FLUID)
/VEL/ALE (Obsolete)

Input Files

The input files used in this example include:

<install_directory>/hwsolvers/demos/radioss/example/39_Bio_Valve/BIO_VALVE/VALVE*

Model Description

A simplified heart valve is modeled. The valve opens under the pressure of the incoming blood flow. As the opening process of the valve is taken into account, the problem is transient.

Additionally, fluid-structure interaction must be taken into account, as the flap deforms under the pressure of the blood.

Units: Kg, m, s, N, Pa

Model Method

A quasi-uniform solid mesh is used for domain discretization. One element through the thickness with a fine enough mesh along the axis is used.

Shell elements are used to model the flap. The flap is clamped on one side and its nodes are attached by the springs to the clamp. One row of meshes are created at each extremity to define inlet and outlet.

The problem is incompressible; therefore, in order to increase the time step, the speed of the sound in the fluid has been arbitrarily reduced to 50 m/s.

When doing such an approximate, it must be verified that the velocity of the fluid is much lower than the modified speed of the sound.

Four material laws are defined:

A linear elastic material for flap (/MAT/ELAST),
A turbulent fluid material for the main parts of model (/MAT/LES_FLUID),

Material Properties

Rho

960.0 $[\frac{kg}{m^{3}}]$

Sound speed

50.0 $[\frac{m}{s}]$

Molecular kinematic viscosity

5.45E-05 $[\frac{N • s}{m}]$

Sub-grid scale model flag

0

Cs

0.1

Csp

0.1
A fluid material for the inlet to define density, energy and pressure of fluid (/MAT/BOUND),

Material Properties

Rho

960.0 $[\frac{kg}{m^{3}}]$

Ityp

2 (General case)

Sound speed

50.0 $[\frac{m}{s}]$
A fluid material for the outlet to define pressure of fluid outside the domain (/MAT/BOUND),

Material Properties

Rho

960.0 $[\frac{kg}{m^{3}}]$

Ityp

3 Non-reflective frontiers (NRF)

Sound speed

50.0 $[\frac{m}{s}]$

Characteristic length

1.0E-03 m

The format /ALE/MAT is assigned to each of fluid materials.

Two imposed velocity are applied to the inlet nodes:

Upper inlet: Vx= 1.253 $[\frac{m}{s}]$
Lower inlet: Vx= 0.849 $[\frac{m}{s}]$

The boundary conditions are defined in Table 1:

Table 1. Boundary Condition Types
	Type	Position	Boundary Condition
1	/BCS	Lateral nodes	Translation Vz = 0
2	/ALE/BCS	Lateral nodes	Grid velocity Wz = 0
3	/BCS	Nodes domain on the lateral edge of flap	Translation Vz = 0
4	/ALE/BCS	Nodes domain on the lateral edge of flap	Wx = Vx Wy = Vy Wz = Vz
5	/BCS	Nodes on flap	Translation Vz = 0 Rotation Wx = 0 Rotation Wy = 0
6	/ALE/BCS	Nodes on flap	Wx = Vx Wy = Vy Wz = Vz

An interface TYPE2 is created to connect the nodes of fluid domain on the lateral edge of flap, to the Lagrangian mesh of flap. Thus, the fluid domain is connected to the structural part.

With the use of this method, it is possible to have different meshes and mesh densities between the fluid and the structure.

Radioss ALE/CFD Terminology

Euler Formulation

The Eulerian formulation is classical in fluid mechanics. The mesh is fixed and material flows through the mesh. Equations are modified with respect to the Lagrangian formulation in order to take into account the convective terms.

It can be activated for a specific part by a flag in material data:

/EULER/MAT/mat_ID

Where,

mat_ID: Identification number of the material to be set Eulerian

In this case, the Eulerian formulation cannot be used because the boundaries of the domain (and mainly the flap) move.

ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) Formulation

The material flows through an arbitrary moving mesh and it can degenerate either in a Lagrangian or an Eulerian formulation.

This option can be activated for a specific part by a flag in material data:

/ALE/MAT/mat_ID

Where,

mat_ID: Identification number of the material to be set ALE

Grid velocities and displacements are arbitrary.

In practice, built-in algorithms determine smooth grid deformation according to displacements of the ALE domain boundaries. Several algorithms are available (DONEA, SPRINGS, DISP, and ZERO), in this case, the DISP option is used: the velocity of a node is computed using the average velocities of the connected nodes.

Boundary nodes between ALE and Lagrangian materials must be set Lagrangian: grid and material velocities are equal. Boundary nodes between ALE and Eulerian materials with must have a fixed grid velocity.

Both conditions are set using the /ALE/BCS option.

We can also specify extended boundary conditions for ALE nodes (grid velocity components can be set to 0 or to the material velocity), or impose grid velocities or ALE links to any nodes in a similar manner to classical kinematic conditions.

Nodal Boundary Conditions

Kinematic constraints act on material velocities and accelerations. In Radioss CFD, a wide variety of such constraints can be defined. For fluid applications, options of interest are:

fixed and full slip boundary conditions
imposed velocities (for example: imposed flux at inlet)
rigid links (temporarily adds during restarts)
rigid bodies to model rigid structures and connections and also to compute drag and lift forces (that is: fluid impulse on rigid body is stored in time history database)

Grid constraints act only on grid velocities. You can specify:

fixed and full slip grid conditions
Lagrangian conditions (that is: grid and material velocity are set equal)
ALE links to maintain regular distribution of nodes
imposed grid velocities (for example: moving inlet and outlet)

Elementary Boundary Conditions

Boundary elements allow prescription of element values at domain boundaries. They can be specified by assigning material LAW11 (or TYPE18 in purely thermal cases) to boundary elements. Those are quads in 2D and solids in 3D. For each variable P, rho, T, k, epsilon, internal energy, you can recommend:

imposed varying conditions according to user function
continuity
smoothly varying predefined function

Non-reflective frontiers (NRF) (material LAW11, option 3) ensures free field impedance to pressure and velocity fields.

With Radioss ALE/CFD, any combination of the above options can be specified. On the counterpart, the closure of the various convection and diffusion equations has to be verified carefully by you.

Generally the following elementary boundary conditions are used:

Inlet, flux is imposed using imposed velocities; density, energy, and turbulent energy (that is, k) are imposed as constants. Continuity is imposed for pressure (display purposes only) and for epsilon. Turbulent energy, rho k is set to zero for external flows and to 1.5*rho*(0.06 Vin)² for internal flows.
Outlet, continuity for all variables except pressure, which is imposed. When using the NRF option, you need to provide a value for sound speed and a typical relaxation length, which must be greater than the biggest wave length of interest.
Sides, continuity for all variables with NRF option or slip conditions without boundary elements.

If no element exists at boundary, continuity is assumed but kinematic conditions are necessary to disallow fluxes; otherwise, the convection equation is not closed and the program might diverge.

Results

Vorticity distribution in the transient period gives a good overview of the problem evolution in time before stabilization.

The main purpose of this study is to obtain the maximum deflection of the flap in time. Plotting the vertical displacement of the node 23360 given in the following graph in which the flap position is stabilized at time t=1 s.

The pressure stabilization in time is shown in Figure 6 for elements 3370 and 3992.

Conclusion

This example demonstrates Radioss capabilities to simulate transient Fluid-Structure-Interactions. The use of the ALE formulation attached to a Lagrangian mesh is described. Some elementary explanations to Radioss ALE/CFD terminology are mentioned.