Aeration-Viscosity Models

Namely, some of the industrial partners have reported very good agreement between experiments and nanoFluidX simulations. On the other hand, single gear immersed in an oil sump or the FZG 2-gear case show significant differences with respect to results.

Moreover, accurate measurements of torque are extremely difficult to do for a number of reasons, some of which include temperature and viscosity of oil variations during measurements, accurate consideration of constant loads (that is, bearings, sealings, and so on), accuracy limitations of the measurement tools, and similar. However, one of the relevant physical phenomena is the dependency of apparent or effective oil viscosity (the presence of air in the oil bulk, is referred to as aeration-viscosity models).

While nanoFluidX contains a number of numerical improvements to bring you closer to accurate torque predictions, it also incorporates the aeration-viscosity models so as to account for cases where aeration-viscosity effects might be prominent.

Theoretical Introduction

The presence of air in the oil changes the apparent viscosity of the oil in accordance to the linear relation:(1)

μ_{e f f} = μ_{0} (1 + C ϕ)

Where,

$μ_{e f f}$: Is the apparent viscosity of the fluid.
$μ_{0}$: Is the initial viscosity of oil
$C$: Is a unitless coefficient.
$ϕ$: Is the volumetric fraction of air in the oil.

There are at least three academic papers which refer to this type of relationship between presence of air in the oil and the apparent oil viscosity.⁶ ⁷ ⁸ Figure 1 shows how going from 5% to 20% of air presence in the oil lead to more than double the churning losses, from 300 to 700 W.

As air gets entrapped in oil, the churning becomes more difficult since additional work is wasted on deformation and compression of air bubbles (both macro and microscopic in size).

This effect increases as the viscosity of oil goes down, which in turn results in higher torque (churning losses).⁶ ⁷ ⁸ This is counter-intuitive as one would expect that as the viscosity of the oil goes down, the churning losses would go down too. In reality, the opposite is true, but only if the flow is violent enough to cause sufficient aeration, otherwise the common-sense trends of churning losses dropping with the drop of viscosity apply.

Finally, there is the question of what is the value of $C$ , and the answer to that is unknown and it depends on the properties of the oil itself. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there is no documented exploration of this parameter in the literature. Therefore you have to calibrate the $C$ value based on existing experiments.

Implementation of nanoFluidX

There are multiple ways to implement the model, especially since the papers which report these effects are not dealing with the topic on a numerical level, thus there is some ambiguity.

For example it is unclear to which scale does the proposed linear relationship of air entrapment and apparent viscosity apply. Does the apparent viscosity double, triple or does it rise an order of magnitude? Do we change the viscosity of the entire oil when modelling, or do we apply the equation only to a certain area of high aeration? In terms of SPH, you can ask: do I only change the viscosity of oil particles interacting with air, a group of localized particles, or all of the oil particles? Additionally, you may ask: do I change the viscosity of air entrapped in the oil as well? Given the ambiguity from above, nanoFluidX has three basic approaches, available as modes:

NOMODE: Self-explanatory.
LOCAL: Each oil particle has its air fraction measured and updated local viscosity accordingly.
GLOBAL: Measure the air fraction for each oil particle, then average that with the total number of oil particles and then change the oil viscosity uniformly (for all the particles).

Another important aspect is determination of the volumetric fraction of air. Since there is no well-established way to do this in SPH, at least not on a particle basis, one possibility that is employed in nanoFluidX is to use the percentage of the Shepard summation as an indicator for the presence of “the other phase” (air) near an oil particle. The formula would be:(2)

ϕ = \frac{m_{i}}{p_{i}} \sum_{a i r n b r s} W

When an oil particle is completely surrounded by oil, it will have an air fraction of 0 ( $ϕ = 0$ ). However, when it is fully surrounded by air, and due to the fact that you take the value of the kernel of the owner particle itself, the air fraction would be approximately 0.9 or so ( $ϕ = 0.9$ ). Although this cannot be treated as a 100% accurate volume fraction approach, in principle the method is consistent with the physical idea of measuring the volume fraction.

For purposes of aeration level tracking, when the aeration-viscosity models are enabled, the info file for oil will contain an average aeration level, which is measured by taking the sum of the “volume fraction” of each oil particle, divided by the total number of particles of the oil phase.